| Question: |
What is meant by Research? |
| Answer: |
Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by gathering the needed information. |
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| Question: |
What is the purpose and importance of Research? |
| Answer: |
Research is important because it 1-Liberates you from the false claims of others. 2-Allows you to learn more about your particular area of interest. As an educated person, knowing about research will give you the ability to: 1-Accurately and systematically collect data that will answer questions 2-Analyze and attack problems; and 3-Communicate and justify both your approach to a problem and your conclusions. |
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| Question: |
Define the Scientific method of Research? |
| Answer: |
The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the principles & laws in this universe. |
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| Question: |
What is the positivism approach of Research? |
| Answer: |
Positivism is characterized mainly by an insistence that science can only deal with observable entities known directly to experience. The positivist aims to construct general laws, or theories, which express relationships between phenomena. Observation and experiment will then show whether the phenomena do or do not fit the theory; explanation of phenomena consists in showing that they are instances of the general laws or regularities. The process of positivism approach is like that Observation → Repetition → Re-observation By repeating the observation researchers want to be positive and definite. |
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| Question: |
What are the special features or steps of Scientific Method? |
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1- Empirical: To observe the phenomenon 2- Verifiable: To confirm or verify the observation 3- Cumulative: Knowledge grows 4- Deterministic: To explain why things happen 5- Ethical and Ideological neutrality 6- Statistical Generalisability: To analyze the information by using statistical techniques 7- Rationalism: To apply logical rules Any one who is doing the research by these steps is said to do the scientific research. |
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| Question: |
What does mean by Exploratory Research? |
| Answer: |
It is the initial research that is conducted to define the nature of the problem and to explore new topics. It develops techniques and a sense of direction for future research. |
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| Question: |
Differentiate b/w Basic and Applied Research? |
| Answer: |
Basic Research: The basic research is pure and fundamental research which expands basic knowledge about the problem. The basic research lays down the foundation for the applied research. For example, basic science investigations for answers to questions such as: How did the universe begin? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? Applied Research: Applied research solves specific problems through the implementation of different policies. Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge. For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to improve agricultural crop production, to treat or cure a specific disease and to improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation. |
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| Question: |
Differentiate b/w Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Research? |
| Answer: |
The cross sectional research observes the phenomena at one point in time e-g snapshot study. While longitudinal research examine the phenomena at more than one time e-g time series study, panel study, cohort study. |
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| Question: |
What are the quantitative techniques for conducting a research project? |
| Answer: |
The quantitative techniques for conducting a research project are as follows 1-Experimental Techniques 2-Conducting Surveys 3-Content analysis 4-Use of statistical techniques |
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| Question: |
What are the qualitative techniques for conducting a research project? |
| Answer: |
The qualitative techniques for conducting a research project are as follows 1-Field Research 2-Case Study 3-Focus Group Discussions |
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| Question: |
What are the aims that researchers set when they conduct research? |
| Answer: |
The aims of the researchers are 1-To expand the Knowledge 2-To discover the truth 3-To make prediction |
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| Question: |
What does mean by Theory? |
| Answer: |
Theory is a systematic and general attempt to explain something. |
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| Question: |
Define Variable? |
| Answer: |
Anything that can take different values or varies over the period of time is called variable. Variation can be in quantity, intensity, type and amount. |
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| Question: |
What are the different types of Variables? |
| Answer: |
There are different types of variables. 1-Continuous and Discrete Variables 2-Dependent and Independent Variables 3-Moderating Variable 4-Intervening Variable 5-Extraneous Variables |
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| Question: |
Define the Hypothesis? |
| Answer: |
Hypothesis is a testable proposition. It is the statement about the variables which has been tested weather it is true or not. |
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| Question: |
What are different types of hypothesis? |
| Answer: |
There are two types of hypothesis. 1-Descriptive Hypothesis: It is also called univariate hypothesis. It is the proposition that states the existence, size, form or distribution of some variable. 2-Relational Hypothesis: It describes the r/s b/w two or more variables. 3-Null Hypothesis: It describes that the r/s b/w the variables is zero (no r/s). It is denoted by H0. 4-Alternative Hypothesis: It describes that there exist some r/s b/w the variables. It is alternative to H0 and is denoted by H1. 5-Research Hypothesis: This is the hypothesis formulated by the researchers. This tells the r/s as well as the nature of the r/s b/w the variables. |
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| Question: |
Differentiate b/w Directional and non-directional Hypothesis? |
| Answer: |
In directional hypothesis, the direction of r/s is specified e-g positive, negative, less than, more than etc. while in non-directional hypothesis, the direction of r/s is not specified e-g money supply and prices are related but it is not mentioned that related in which direction. |
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| Question: |
Define the correlational or causal hypothesis? |
| Answer: |
In correlational or causal hypothesis, variables occur in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. |
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| Question: |
What is meant by Descriptive Research? |
| Answer: |
The research that is conducted to describe the characteristics of the problem understudy is named as descriptive research. This type of research provides basic background information. |
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| Question: |
Define the explanatory Research? |
| Answer: |
Explanatory research is also known as causal research because it identifies the cause and effect r/s among different factors. This research determines the accuracy of the theory. |
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| Question: |
Is there any single definition of Research? |
| Answer: |
There is no single definition of research. Several authors have described the word “research” in their own words. According to Uma Sekaran, “research is a process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors.” In words of Neuman” research is a way of going about finding answers to questions.” |
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